Hearing loss, deafness, or hearing impairment is the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear sounds in one or both ears. Hearing loss in babies before developing speech and language skills is called prelingual hearing loss, which may negatively impact the development of auditory centers of the brain.

Read this post to learn more about the causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and outcomes of hearing loss in babies.

Causes Of Hearing Loss In Babies

Some babies may have hearing loss from birth (congenital deafness), while a few may lose hearing during infancy.

Problems of the outer and middle ear cause hearing loss since they prevent the conduction of sound to the inner ear. External and middle ear problems that cause hearing loss may include (1):

• Birth defects of ear structures
• Accumulation of fluid behind the eardrum
• Ear wax buildup
• Scars on the eardrum
• Foreign objects in the ear canal
• Eardrum injuries or rupture

Some babies could have hearing loss due to inner ear problems. Damage to the nerve endings in the inner ear can be the cause of hearing loss. This can be due to:

• Genetic disorders
• Congenital infections such as toxoplasmosis, herpes, or measles
• Exposure to certain medications or toxic substances in intrauterine life or early infancy
• Brain infections, such as meningitis, encephalitis, or measles infection, damaging the hearing function of the brain
• Abnormal inner ear structure
• Tumors

A family history of auditory impairment and low birth weight could increase the risk of hearing loss in many babies.

Types Of Hearing Loss

Hearing loss can be of the following types (2).

• Conductive hearing loss where something in the outer ear or middle ear prevents the sound from passing to the inner ear. Some causes of conductive hearing loss can be cured with surgeries and medications.
• Sensorineural hearing loss occurs due to issues in the inner ear or auditory (hearing) nerve.
• Mixed hearing loss is a combination of conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss.

Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorders may cause hearing loss due to damage to the hearing nerve or inner ear, leading to failed conduction of sound-related impulses to the brain. In such cases, even though the sound is conducted normally in the ear, the brain fails to understand it.

Hearing loss is classified in the following ways based on the degree of hearing loss (3).

• Mild hearing loss when someone can hear some sounds but has difficulty hearing soft or low sounds.
• Moderate hearing loss is when a person cannot hear another person’s normal voice, but they do hear loud voices.
• Severe hearing loss is when someone only hears some loud sounds and unable to hear normal sounds levels.
• Profound hearing loss in which the person does not hear any speech sounds and may hear only very loud sounds.

The degree of hearing loss depends on the sound levels (decibels) a person can hear. 10 to 15 decibel sound levels are heard in normal hearing. The sound levels that can be heard on each degree of hearing loss are listed in the table below (4).

Depending on the onset and clinical features, the hearing loss can be described in the following ways (5).

• Unilateral or bilateral hearing loss: Hearing loss affects one ear (unilateral) or both ears (bilateral)
• Progressive or sudden hearing loss: Sudden hearing loss is a rapid onset of hearing loss, whereas progressive hearing loss may occur over time.
• Pre-lingual or post-lingual hearing loss: Hearing loss before the baby learns to speak is called prelingual hearing loss, and after learning to talk is known as post-lingual hearing loss.
• Fluctuating or stable hearing loss: Hearing loss stays the same over time in stable hearing loss, and it may get better or worse in fluctuating hearing loss.
• Congenital, acquired, or delayed onset of hearing loss: Hearing loss present at birth is called congenital hearing loss, and if it occurs later, it is called acquired or delayed onset of hearing loss.
• Symmetrical or asymmetrical hearing loss: Similar loss of hearing on both ears is called symmetrical hearing loss. If there is a different degree of hearing loss level in both ears, it is called asymmetrical hearing loss.

Doctors may combine the types, degree, onset, and clinical presentation of the hearing loss to name the hearing loss in your baby. These terms may help to understand the type and cause of hearing loss in the baby.

Signs And Symptoms Of Hearing Loss In Babies

The following signs and symptoms may indicate a hearing loss in babies (6).

1. Newborn lacking Moro reflex (not startled by loud noises)
2. No reaction (no smile) if you speak to older babies
3. May not achieve speech milestones such as saying single words by 15 months and two-word sentences by age two
4. Not turning their head or responding to sounds
5. Not making cooing or babbling sounds
6. Unable to follow basic commands

Many children are diagnosed with hearing loss during school-age even if they had congenital hearing loss. So noticing the signs of hearing loss at an early age could be beneficial since babies can develop their speech and language skills at a natural pace after the repair in many cases.

Diagnosis Of Hearing Loss In Babies

Doctors may look at a baby’s ear using an otoscope to identify any abnormalities, wax, or foreign objects that cause hearing loss. The following tests are performed to determine the presence of a hearing loss in babies (7).

• Auditory brainstem response (ABR) test is done using electrodes to see the response of the auditory nerve to sounds.
• Otoacoustic emissions (OAE) test by placing microphones in babies ears to evaluate the presence of sound Hearing loss can be diagnosed if there is no echo of sound in the ear canal.
• Visual response audiometry or play audiometry can help evaluate the hearing loss in older babies by noticing their response to sounds through play. 

Treatment Of Hearing Loss In Babies

Treatment may begin as early as by six months of age since this could help the baby develop speech and language skills at a normal pace. Depending on the cause of hearing loss and general health status, any of the following treatment options are given (8).

• Cochlear implant for profound sensorineural hearing loss
• Medications to treat infections
• Ear tube placement in babies with recurrent ear infections
• Removal of tumors
• Surgical correction of structural anomalies

Speech and language therapies could improve the baby’s communication skills affected by hearing loss. Even though hearing cannot be restored in some babies, early speech therapy and sign language training could improve their life quality.

Prognosis Of Hearing Loss In Babies

Middle ear or outer ear problems causing hearing loss can be cured with surgery or medications in many cases. There is no treatment for some inner ear problems and nerve damages.

The outcome depends on the severity and type of hearing loss. Babies with profound hearing loss have positive outcomes after cochlear implants. Advanced hearing aids and speech therapy may help babies develop normal speech and language skills as their peers without hearing problems. 

Prevention Of Hearing Loss In Babies

All cases of hearing loss in babies cannot be prevented. Maternal vaccination and avoiding exposure to toxins and medications that may damage the baby’s hearing could reduce the risk of congenital hearing loss.

Immunization of your baby, as per recommendation, could prevent some of the infections that may lead to hearing issues. You may also ensure that your baby is not exposed to loud noises since this may result in noise-induced hearing loss.

Treating brain infections and ear infections on time may reduce the risk of hearing loss in some babies. Seeking genetic counseling may also help the couple plan a pregnancy if they have a family history of hearing loss.

Hearing loss in babies could be congenital or develop later. Some conditions causing hearing loss can be cured with medications and surgery. Delaying these interventions could affect your baby’s hearing functions since the auditory centers of the brain may not develop if the hearing is not proper. Timely treatment and appropriate speech therapy can help the baby develop normal auditory and speech skills in the long run.

References:

The post Hearing Loss In Infants: Signs, Causes, And Treatment Options appeared first on Parenting Boss.

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is an abnormal opening in the ventricular septum, the tissue or wall that separates the heart’s lower chambers (ventricles). It is one of the most common types of congenital heart defects, accounting for about half of congenital heart disease cases in babies.

The ventricular septum prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood contained within the left and right ventricle, respectively. Opening in the ventricular septum could allow blood from the left ventricle to reach the right ventricle and lungs. Advanced cases could also display the reverse flow of the blood from the right ventricle to the left ventricle.

The treatment often involves surgical closure of the opening, and it could improve the baby’s condition. Read this post to know about the types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ventricular septal defect in babies.

Types Of VSD In Babies

Ventricular septal defects are classified into four basic types based on their location in the heart (1).

• Muscular VSD is the most common type, located in the septum’s muscular portion. This may close naturally in most babies without any surgical interventions.
• Membranous VSD is an opening in the upper part of the ventricular septum, known as a membranous septum, near the valves. This type may not close naturally and often requires surgery to close it.
• Atrioventricular canal type VSD is associated with atrioventricular canal defect. In this type, the defect is located below tricuspid and mitral valves, which are valves between the upper chambers (atria) and lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart.
• Conalseptal VSD is rare and occurs below the pulmonary valve, the valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery leading to the lungs.

Causes And Risk Factors For VSD

VSD is a congenital heart defect, which means it is present at birth. The fetal heart development begins as a hollow tube and is later divided into four chambers. VSD could occur due to fetal heart development problems during the first eight weeks of pregnancy.

Genetic factors, such as chromosomal abnormalities, or environmental factors, such as exposure to teratogens, may interfere with the heart’s normal partition, leaving an opening in the ventricular septum (2).

Babies with a positive family history of VSD and Down’s syndrome may have an increased risk of developing VSD. In some cases, there may be no discernible cause or risk factor associated with VSD.

Signs And Symptoms Of VSD

Signs and symptoms may vary based on the size of the defect and the baby’s age. The ventricular septal defect allows blood from the left ventricle to reach the right ventricle. This may increase the work of the right ventricle and the lungs. If the hole is larger, more blood enters the heart’s right side, causing severe symptoms.

The following signs and symptoms are seen in infants with VSD (3).

• Additional blood reaching the lungs may cause congestion and rapid or heavy breathing
• Fatigue
• Sweating
• Refusal to feed
• Pale skin
• Rapid heart rate
• Poor weight gain

These symptoms and signs may also be seen in more severe congenital heart diseases. You may consult the pediatrician for early diagnosis and treatment.

Complications Of VSD

Small-size VSD may not cause any complications. Mild to life-threatening complications are often seen in babies with large and medium-size defects. These complications may include (4):

• Pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the lungs’ blood vessels) can be seen in VSD due to excess blood flow to the lungs.
• Heart failure may occur in some babies since the lungs have too much blood and the heart has to work harder to pump blood.
• Endocarditis is the inflammation of the heart’s inner lining (endocardium).
• Valve failures and rhythm abnormalities may occur due to abnormal blood flow in the heart.
• Eisenmenger’s syndrome occurs in babies with severe VSD with pulmonary hypertension. This is a condition in which the direction of shunting reverses, which means the blood from the right ventricle (deoxygenated blood) begins to reach the left ventricle due to pulmonary hypertension. This may cause cyanosis in babies.

Cyanosis in a baby with previous VSD symptoms may indicate Eisenmenger’s syndrome (reversal of blood flow). You may seek immediate medical care since this may increase the risk of complications, such as cerebrovascular accidents, hemoptysis (coughing up blood), and syncope (loss of consciousness).

Prevention Of VSD In Babies

Prevention may not be possible in most cases. However, the following pregnancy care may reduce the risk for VSD in some babies (5).

• Preconception and early prenatal care may help the mother begin a healthy lifestyle and diet before fetal heart
• Seek prescriptions before taking medications in pregnancy to prevent fetal damage due to certain medicines.
• A balanced diet with recommended vitamins (including folic acid) and iron supplements helps the fetus’ optimal growth.
• Regular exercise during pregnancy may also be beneficial for the fetus.
• Vaccination may reduce the risk of congenital defects due to infections.
• Maternal diabetic control during pregnancy may reduce the risk of heart problems in babies.
• Avoid illegal drugs, alcohol, and tobacco products during pregnancy.

If you or your partner has a family history of VSD or other genetic defects, seek genetic counseling, especially before conception.

Diagnosis Of VSD

Signs and symptoms are often suggestive of VSD in some babies. Doctors may hear heart murmurs using a stethoscope during the physical examination of babies with VSD.

The following tests are often done to diagnose the presence, size, location, and complications of the VSD in babies (6).

• An echocardiogram helps determine the size, severity, and location of the VSD and other heart A fetal echocardiogram may allow diagnosis before birth.
• Chest X-ray may help look for the heart’s size (cardiac enlargement) and excess fluid in the lungs.
• Electrocardiogram or ECG may help identify rhythm abnormalities by recording the heart’s electrical activity.
• Pulse oximetry could determine the blood’s oxygen levels. Shunting of blood may reduce the blood’s oxygen levels.
• Cardiac catheterization by inserting a catheter (thin, flexible tube) through the arm’s or groin’s blood vessels could help assess the heart’s structure and function.

Babies with genetic abnormalities may require genetic testing to identify the abnormality. Doctors may plan the interventions based on the diagnostic results. 

Treatment Of VSD In Babies

Small-size defects may not need surgical repair in most cases. Doctors may observe for symptoms and wait for the opening to close independently. However, small openings near the heart valves require surgical closure to prevent complications.

Medium and large VSD may require surgical repair within the first year of life. Treatment for VSD may include the following interventions (7).

• Open heart surgery is done to close the opening with stitches or patches. General anesthesia is needed for this procedure, and babies are supported with a heart-lung machine.
• The catheter procedure uses a special mesh device to close the opening without a chest incision.
• Extra nutrition is prescribed for babies who are tired during feeding or unable to feed themselves due to VSD to meet optimal growth.
• Medications, such as diuretics (furosemide/Lasix), are often prescribed to reduce the blood circulation in the lungs.

The type of procedure is chosen based on the size of the opening and babies health status. You may talk with the pediatric cardiac surgeon or cardiologist to know the best treatment option for your baby. Your baby may require several follow-up visits after the surgery to ensure improvement. Long-term prognosis may depend on the type of VSD and its severity, and adequate lifestyle management may help improve the outcome in the long run.

References:

The post Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) In Babies Signs And Treatment appeared first on Parenting Boss.

Breastfeeding twins means feeding two babies optimally. However, feeding twins optimally without compromising breast milkquality and quantity is a valid concern for a mother. But this should not stop a mother from breastfeeding her twins.

Experts believe that most mothers can breastfeed twins successfully with proper guidance and prompt support. If you are a new mother to twin babies or expecting twins soon, knowing about breastfeeding twins in detail can help you stay prepared.

This post tells you about how you can breastfeed twins, its benefits, and alternatives to look for when breastfeeding twins isn’t possible.

Why Should You Breastfeed Your Twins?

Twins attain the same benefits by breastfeeding as a singleton. However, these benefits are increasingly prudent for babies born prematurely, which may often be the case in twin birth.

• Breast milk is an easy-to-digest, tailored food offering nutrients to grow and develop. It is crucial for premature babies who are mostly underdeveloped and likely to have an immature digestive system (1).
• Breast milk provides antibodies that boost immunity and help fight infectious diseases. Premature babies are more prone to infections than babies born full-term (2).
• Breastfeeding allows the mother to interact with the babies and have skin-to-skin contact, which boosts the baby’s overall growth and development. It is preeminent for premature babies who need kangaroo care to hasten development and reduce hospital stays (3).

Other than these, breastfeeding boosts the mother-baby bond essential to develop trust.

How To Breastfeed Twins?

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the best way to breastfeed twins is to feed them simultaneously (tandem breastfeeding), establishing a twin nursing schedule (4). It means that if one baby is awake and ready to feed, you should wake up the other baby and feed them as well.

The first few weeks after birth, infants feed eight to 12 times per day, for about 20 to 30 minutes per session. In such a schedule, feeding two babies at different times can become taxing, leaving no time for the mother to rest.

In case you aren’t comfortable yet feeding two babies simultaneously, feed the weak feeder first and the other one later. Once you get the hang of tandem feeding, practice the right position so that you and the babies are comfortable during nursing. As the babies grow, they will develop their sleep-wake cycles owing to which you may have to feed them separately.

Appropriate Positions To Breastfeed Twins Simultaneously

During nursing, positioning yourself and the babies comfortably is necessary to avert unnecessary physical strain. Below are some breastfeeding positions to try (5) (6).

https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/mother-breastfeeding-her-twins-front-cross-318536036

1. Double football hold or double-clutch: Place the babies on pillows almost under your arm such that their legs point backward. Support their heads and backs with your hands and arms, respectively. This position lets you avoid any pressure on your belly, especially after a C-section.
2. Double cradle hold or front cross: Place both the babies in the cradle position wherein their legs overlap and make an X in your lap. Use your arms to support their backs and your hands to support their heads. You may stay seated or lie while feeding in this position, especially while feeding the babies at night.
3. Cradle and football hold: Place one baby in the cradle position and the other in a football position. The baby who latches easily should be placed in the cradle position and the other in the football hold.
4. Upright latch hold: In this breastfeeding position, each baby latches to a breast while seated in an upright position. The babies could sit on your legs, or you may place a pillow. You will still have to support their back and heads with your arms and hands.

You may initially need help to position the babies during breastfeeding. However, with practice, both you and your babies will learn to adjust to the chosen breastfeeding position.

Tips To Breastfeed Twins

Below are some simple tips to ensure the safe and optimum breastfeeding of twins.

1. Get a feeding or nursing pillow: You can use bed pillows or cushions as props to support babies, your back, and your arms while feeding. However, arranging regular pillows or cushions for every feed and keeping them in place while nursing could be a hassle. Therefore, it is good to consider using a specialized twin-feeding or nursing pillow.
2. Seek support and position the babies properly: When you begin feeding, putting two babies on your breast could require help. It is essential to seek support as proper positioning of the babies is vital for correct latchingand comfortable feeding. If you are alone, pick a position that offers maximum support and works the best for you and your babies.
3. Ascertain they are latching right: Once your babies are appropriately positioned, check if they have latched correctly. You can tell a baby has latched correctly when their lips flange out and cover the entire areola. You will also see the baby move their mouth and neck while swallowing. Improper latching could affect the amount of milk consumed by the baby and also cause other nursing issues, such as sore nipplesfor the mother.
4. Shift breasts: You may feel that one of your babies or both are more comfortable feeding on one breast, compelling you to let them feed on that breast. But experts advise switching breasts for each baby at each feeding session. It is done so that both breasts get equal stimulation, otherwise breastfeeding problems, such as breast engorgement and clogged milk ducts, may occur.
5. Take advice and follow what suits you: If you can’t breastfeed twins simultaneously, consult your healthcare provider or lactation consultant and explore feeding one baby at a time or feeding expressed milk to one baby. If breast milk production and supply aren’t enough to meet the needs of two, don’t hesitate to enquire about formula use.
6. Focus on your health and well-being: Breastfeeding two is a demanding task requiring you to stay healthy and active. It is crucial for good milk flow and to pass the breastfeeding journey Therefore, you must eat a well-balanced diet containing various foods and exercise regularly. You may consult a certified nutritionist to get a customized diet plan suitable for your needs.

You can also join community groups where you can interact with mothers who currently are or were breastfeeding twins. It will give you motivational and emotional support vital for breastfeeding twins.

What To Do If Breastfeeding Twins Is Not Possible?

While several mothers breastfeed their twins successfully, it may not be possible in some cases. In such instances, experts advise supplementing breastfeeding with infant formula. Additionally, you may feed expressed or pumped breast milk to one or both the babies using a bottle.

Many mothers may be able to breastfeed one baby at a time if not simultaneously, and you may explore this option as well. Monitor the babies’ growth and development and talk to your healthcare provider in case of any concerns.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Will I make enough milk to breastfeed two?

Yes, most mothers make enough milk to breastfeed their twins (7). Breast milk production is based on demand and supply; thus, the more you breastfeed, the more milk you make. Nevertheless, if you suspect your milk supply isn’t sufficient, you can consult a lactation expert for solutions.

2. How many calories does a mother burn when breastfeeding twins?

A healthy breastfeeding mother burns around 500 to 700Kcal per day to produce milk while nursing a singleton (8). If you are breastfeeding twins, you may burn more calories since your breasts need to produce almost double the milk.

Breastfeeding twins is a demanding task that could require adequate practice initially. While most mothers can pass this journey smoothly, a few may discover challenges, which can be passed through patience, persistence, and appropriate guidance. Remember to focus on your health, too, since it will greatly influence the production and supply of breast milk for your twins.

References:

The post How To Breastfeed Twins: Positions And Tips To Follow appeared first on Parenting Boss.

Parachute reflex is a primitive, postural reflex where a baby standing in an upright position, when lowered face down towards a flat surface, extends the arms outwards and spreads the fingers wide (just like a parachute) to prevent a fall.

For most full-term, healthy babies, this gross motor skill appears around five months of age, much before they begin to walk or crawl (1). However, it fully develops by the age of eight to nine months. A well-developed parachute reflex in babies is a crucial developmental milestone. If you have a young baby or expecting one soon, knowing about parachute reflex and some other essential reflexes can help track their development.

This post tells you why parachute reflex is vital for babies, how it is tested, and what if babies have multiple reflexes missing.

Why Do Infants Develop Parachute Reflex?

Parachute reflex is an involuntary reaction indicating healthy neuromotor development of an infant (2). Experts suggest that parachute reflex is vital to determine the baby’s ability to react to a stimulus (i.e., a falling position) and prevent injury due to falling.

During routine check-ups, especially around nine months, healthcare providers and doctors check for parachute reflex in babies to rule out hemiparesis (3). Hemiparesis is a neurological condition where muscle-weakening or paralysis occurs in one side of the body (4).

How To Test The Presence Of Parachute Reflex In An Infant?

Most pediatricians and healthcare providers check parachute reflex in healthy, full-term babies using the following steps (5).

1. Hold the baby in an upright position by firmly gripping them from their chest. Ensure they are calm and alert.

2. Raise the baby upwards and quickly but gently rotate them facing downwards as if they are falling.

3. As the baby rotates, note their response. The baby should extend their arms forward and spread fingers to prevent a fall.

In most full-term babies, healthy babies, the reflex develops entirely by 12 months of age and then stays indefinitely.

Other Primitive Reflexes

There are some more essential reflexes that mark the healthy overall development of a baby (6).

1. Rooting reflex: If you stroke a baby’s cheek or touch the corner of their mouth, they will turn their head towards that direction. This reflex allows the baby to locate the mother’s breast or a bottle and begin feeding. The reflex disappears by four months of age.

2. Suck reflex: It is a survival reflex that manifests around the 32nd week of the pregnancy and fully develops by the 36th week. It prepares the baby to suck as soon as the mouth’s roof or palate is touched. Babies gradually fine-tune this reflex with the rooting reflex, letting them use this combination reflex to suck on the pacifier, hand, or fingers to self-soothe.

3. Moro reflex: It appears in babies when they are just a few weeks old and then disappears by two months. In this reflex, the baby arches their back, throws out their arms and legs, rapidly brings their arms together, and cries in response to a sudden movement or loud noise. It is a startle response which is why the reflex is also known as the startle reflex.

4. Tonic neck reflex: In this reflex, when a baby’s head turns to one side, the arm to that side straightens, and the opposite arm bends at the elbow as if the baby is fencing. It is the reason this reflex is also known as fencing posture, which abates once the baby is between five and seven months of age.

5. Grasp reflex: It is an essential reflex wherein a stroke or a touch on the baby’s palm causes them to close their fingers, forming a fist. This reflex allows the baby to grasp things or objects. The reflex wanes once the baby is around five to six months old.

6. Stepping reflex: Also known as dance or walking reflex, this reflex makes a baby step as if they are walking when held in an upright position and their sole touches a flat surface. The reflex disappears by two months of age and returns around 12 months as a voluntary action, called walking.

These reflexes together prepare your baby to survive in the world outside the mother’s womb and learn different skills to act voluntarily.

What If One Or More Reflexes Are Absent In A Baby?

Reflexes mark developmental milestones. As babies grow and develop at different rates, some delay may happen and is usually normal. However, a partial or complete absence of one or more reflexes could indicate an underlying neurological or motor growth and developmental issue.

For instance, a partial or complete absence of the sucking reflex may indicate brain damage and/or a syndrome that could affect the overall growth and development (7). Similarly, the presence of a reflex long after the time it should disappear indicates a brain or nervous system problem (8).

Parachute reflex is a protective, involuntary action essential for babies to develop. While the presence of parachute reflex lets a baby prevent fall, its absence indicates a neuromotor concern. If you suspect your baby has a partial or complete lack of one or more reflexes, consult a pediatrician promptly. A doctor will evaluate your baby, determine the precise cause, and suggest appropriate therapies and treatments.

References:

The post Baby Parachute Reflex: Definition, Age, Reflex Test And More appeared first on Parenting Boss.

If your breast milk smells and tastes off or soapy, it could be due to high lipase activity. Lipase is an enzyme naturally found in breast milk. This enzyme has several benefits, such as hydrolyzing milk fat into easily digestible and absorbable fatty acids. Parents share that babies refuse to breastfeed or bottle-feed expressed milk due to these changes.

Besides, they feel apprehensive about these changes and worry if the milk is fit for babies. If you are a new mother or soon to be one, knowing about the changes in breast milk’s taste and smell due to lipase can help avoid undue speculations.

This post tells you about lipase activity in human breast milk, its causes, and effective ways to manage it.

Causes Of High Lipase In Breast Milk

There’s no evident cause as to why breast milk could develop high lipase content. It’s simply the case that some mothers have excess lipase in their breast milk while others don’t. Lipase is an enzyme in breast milk that facilitates digestion and absorption of nutrients, especially fats.

Stored expressed breast milk is believed to have high lipase levels that hasten the milk break down, altering milk’s taste and smell (1). Even then, some mothers report no change in their milk’s smell or taste. In either case, properly stored breast milk is safe, and its off smell and flavor don’t indicate it is unfit for the baby. 

Does High Lipase Milk Affect The Baby’s Health?

No clinical evidence demonstrates the short- or long-term effects of high lipase breast milk on an infant’s health. There are no known adverse effects, as well. The changes in the flavor and taste of stored milk happen due to lipolysis, which has antimicrobial effects that prevent microbial growth in thawed refrigerated breast milk (2).

It could mean that these changes are favorable for your baby. In fact, a study showed that lipase in breast milk could compensate for pancreatic lipase functions during infancy, helping in healthy growth, particularly in preterm infants (3). If you still don’t find your breast milk smell or taste appropriate, check your breast pump parts, storage containers, and consult a pediatrician. You may also consider avoiding strong-smelling foods, such as garlic and fish. 

Can You Test Lipase In Breast Milk, At Home?

Although lipase activity in breast milk is a normal activity, if you wish to determine it, you can do it right at home with the following steps.

• Express some breast milk, store it in a suitable container, and freeze or refrigerate. You may taste a small quantity of milk to determine its flavor and odor before storing it.
• Let the container stay in the freezer or refrigerator for one to two days.
• After the stipulated time, check the odor and taste. If the milk smells and tastes off or soapy, it is highly likely that your breast milk has a high lipase content.

If your milk has high lipase content and your baby refuses to feed, you may try some interventions. 

Tips To Mask Off Breast Milk Smell And Flavor

Here are some steps to resolve your milk’s smell and taste due to high lipase activity.

1. Don’t store breast milk for too long. Ideally, the baby should consume the expressed milk within a few minutes. Nevertheless, it may not always be possible. Therefore, label the milk containers with the date of pumping before storing them.
2. Note the time as to when the milk turns sour and smells off. Following this timeline will help determine the approximate time when your stored milk changes flavors due to lipase activity. In most cases, the shift in the milk’s taste occurs after 24 hours of storage. So, pump and store milk accordingly to avoid milk wastage.
3. Try scalding. According to lactation experts, scalding fresh expressed milk before storing can deactivate lipase. Scalding milk involves heating it until it just begins bubbling around the edges and not boiling (4). Boiling milk isn’t advisable as it can destroy the essential nutrients. Experts suggest heating breast milk in a pan below 180°F (82.2°C).
4. Mix stored milk with freshly expressed milk or solids. You can mix stored milk with freshly expressed milk to mask its flavor before serving it to the baby. For older babies who consume breast milk along with solids, you can add solids to breast milk. Oatmeal and infant cereals are some safe foods that you can add to breast milk.

Other than these measures, altering breast pumps speed and pressure might also help prevent changes in breast milk’s taste and smell. You may also ensure that the breast pump and its parts are sterile to prevent bacterial contamination, which could also alter breast milk’s taste and flavor.

Breast milk is vital for babies. Its taste and smell are some of the factors that affect the baby’s appetite. A baby might stop feeding stored breast milk due to these changes. But, rest assured, the soapy taste and smell of properly stored milk are mostly safe, provided the cause is high lipase activity and not something else. If you are concerned about the possible cause of the milk’s soapy flavor, do not hesitate to speak to a lactation consultant. 

References:

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Antibiotics or antibacterials are medications that fight bacterial infections. They may act by stopping the growth (bacteriostatic) or destroying (bactericidal) the bacteria. Broad-spectrum antibiotics target many bacteria, and narrow-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed for specific bacterial infections.

Single or combination antibiotic therapies are given depending on the condition. Antibiotics can be given orally as capsules, tablets, or syrup to babies. Intramuscular injections or intravenous (IV) routes can also be used to deliver antibiotics. Severe bacterial infections usually require hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics. Skin bacterial infections are treated with topical antibiotics in the form of creams, lotions, or ointments.

Read this post to learn about the use and side effects of antibiotics in babies and the ways to avoid excess antibiotic use.

Need For Antibiotics In Babies And Toddlers

Your baby or toddler receives antibiotics if they have a bacterial infection. Although bacteria are part of the normal microflora in the human body, some of them and other bacteria may cause infections in certain circumstances.

The following conditions usually require antibiotics (1).

• High fever due to bacterial infection requires antibiotic treatment. Broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as penicillin, ampicillin, or amoxicillin, are usually prescribed for high fever before the culture results are available. Specific antibiotics are given after the laboratory analysis is available. Doctors may also diagnose the type of bacterial infection causing fever by observing other signs and symptoms in the baby.

• Ear infections require antibiotics such as amoxicillin. Excessive crying, ear pulling, loss of appetite, and fever could indicate ear infection in babies.

• Bacterial pneumonia in babies is treated with antibiotics. Although the specific bacterium is not identified in some cases, doctors may prescribe antibiotics since pneumonia complications can be dangerous for infants.

• Whooping cough is treated with antibiotics such as azithromycin, erythromycin, or clarithromycin.

• Urinary tract infections, such as cystitis and pyelonephritis, caused by bacteria are treated with antibiotics. The bacterial UTI is usually confirmed by microscopy and urine culture.

• Sinus infections (sinusitis) due to bacteria could need antibiotic treatment since, if left untreated, it may increase the risk of complications, such as meningitis.

• Strep throat is also treated with antibiotics since the infection could increase the risk of rheumatic fever.

• coli infections, group B streptococcus (GBS), and listeria infections soon after birth may require antibiotic treatment. Babies may contract these bacteria during vaginal delivery.

Doctors may order a complete blood count and blood culture to confirm bacterial infections before prescribing antibiotics. Antibiotics and their administration route are decided based on the type of infection and baby’s age, weight, and health status. 

Ways To Avoid Overuse Of Antibiotics

Inappropriate and unnecessary use of antibiotics may result in antibiotic resistance and other problems. The following tips may help in safe antibiotic use in babies (2).

• Always seek a prescription of antibiotics from a pediatrician
• Never use antibiotics for viral infections such as flu or cold
• Follow the recommended dose and course of treatment even though the baby gets better
• Do not share antibiotics among siblings or peers though they have similar conditions
• Do not self-medicate with antibiotics
• Seek a new prescription from the pediatrician if you run out of antibiotics

Most of the bacterial infections get better within one or two days after beginning antibiotic therapy. However, you have to complete the prescribed course of treatment. You may contact the pediatrician if there is no improvement in symptoms within two days of treatment. 

Side Effects And Long-Term Effects Of Antibiotics In Babies

Antibiotics may have side effects in some babies. It is advisable to inform the pediatrician about the baby’s history of antibiotic side effects before the prescription. Pediatricians may prescribe a different group of antibiotics that may not cause similar side effects.

Common antibiotic side effects may include the following (3).

• Allergic reactions, such as skin rashes that look like hives, may occur due to some antibiotics.

• Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is commonly caused by erythromycin and co-amoxiclav. This may occur during treatment or up to a few weeks after the treatment.

• Drug reactions may also cause skin

• Teeth staining may occur with the use of some antibiotics, such as tetracycline, minocycline, and doxycycline.

• Drug-induced fever may be seen with some intravenous (IV) antibiotics

Although they are common, most of the above-listed side effects are not life-threatening and resolve after treatment. Allergic reactions may require corticosteroids or antihistamines in some babies, and antifungals help to manage yeast infections.

Some antibiotics may cause adverse drug-related emergency room visits among babies. Adverse antibiotic side effects and long-term effects may include the following (4) (5) (6).

• Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction including breathing trouble and/or hypotension (low blood pressure) with various allergy symptoms.

• Musculoskeletal problems, such as tendon rupture, pain, and swollen joints, may occur with the use of ciprofloxacin (Cipro) and other fluoroquinolones.

• Pill esophagitis is inflammation of the esophagus due to irritation of the mucosa from large antibiotic pills, such as doxycycline.

• Ototoxicity is seen with the use of aminoglycosides, such as gentamicin. Antibiotic-induced cochlear or vestibular damage may result in hearing loss.

• Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a life-threatening hypersensitivity that causes flu-like symptoms with mucosal ulcers or erosions on the nose, mouth, genitals, and eyes.

• Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a severe form of Steven-Johnson syndrome causing large areas of skin to peel away.

• Red man syndrome involves itchy red rashes with angioedema and hypotension due to the use of intravenous vancomycin.

• Clostridium difficile diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms may occur due to some antibiotics.

• Drug-induced lupus may occur in some babies treated with certain antibiotics, such as minocycline, for a longer duration.

Not all antibiotics cause side effects and long-term effects when taken at the right dose for a given time. Always seek prescriptions for antibiotics. If you notice side effects, never hesitate to inform the doctor since they may prescribe an alternative antibiotic for the same condition.

Antibiotics can help cure several infections that could cause adverse effects on babies. However, inappropriate use of antibiotics increases the risk of antibiotic resistance due to genetic changes in the bacteria. You may have to use more potent antibiotics or a combination of several medications to treat antibiotic-resistant infections. Therefore, always seek prescription to avoid antibiotic resistance and reduce the risk of side effects and other adverse long-term effects.

References:

The post Antibiotics For Babies: Safety, When To Give And Side Effects appeared first on Parenting Boss.

Crying is a significant form of communication for babies since it lets them express hunger, pain, and tiredness. However, it is not uncommon for babies to sometimes cry for no apparent reason. A baby may display random fake crying or may even do so for a specific purpose, which most parents figure out eventually.

So what is fake crying, and why do babies do it? Read on to learn about the reasons and ways to address fake crying in babes.

What Is Fake Crying?

A baby’s fake crying could be defined as crying that is not motivated by vital needs, such as food, sleep, change of diapers, and caregivers’ attention to pain. Infants who fake their crying are also not any discomfort due to illness, injury, or emotional issues, such as fear.

You can tell your baby is fake crying when they are in good health, and all their needs have been met. The baby who is fake crying may also pause to check their parents’ reaction and may even crawl or walk closer to the parent to make their crying noticeable. It usually suggests that the baby is aware that their behavior will lead to some reaction from their parents or primary caregivers.

At What Age Do Babies Start Fake Crying?

 There is no specific age when a baby may begin fake crying. Babies usually learn several new communication skills between the ages of six and 12 months (1). Therefore, a baby may display more episodes of fake crying between the ages of six and 12 months.

Why Do Babies Fake Cry?

Babies usually fake their crying only when they know it is likely to be heard by a caregiver. Below are the reasons why babies may fake their crying.

1. Gain attention

The most common reason behind fake crying is to attract the attention of a parent or caregiver (2). Babies enjoy the company of parents and other primary caregivers. A baby may cry to gain their attention and elicit their company as a response. In such cases, the baby usually becomes cheerful once the parent is close and starts crying the moment the parent leaves.

A study noted that babies displayed a positive emotional state before certain types of crying not associated with distress (3). It suggested that the babies in the study were crying voluntarily and, thus, were fake crying. The researchers noted that it was a remarkable way to gain parents’ attention, and babies who fake cry may have better communication skills in the long run.

2. Experiment with cause and effect

Babies experiment with cause and effect from an early age, and one of the first effects they observe is the parents’ reaction to their crying. A baby from the age of four months may have a different type of cry to communicate specific emotions, such as hunger or pain (4). As they grow older, they are likely to use the skill for experimentation.

The little one may cry to play with cause and effect and observe various possible reactions (5). You may even notice different types of fake crying, depending on the situation and your previous responses to fake crying.

3. Express displeasure

Fake crying could also be used to communicate displeasure to a situation or an event. For instance, a baby may fake cry to communicate displeasure when a play session ends or when you reach the end of a book (4). Fake crying to express displeasure is usually easily discernible since it begins at the end of an interesting activity and stops the moment an activity is restarted.

4. Throw a tantrum

Tantrums could also be the reason behind fake crying, especially among toddlers. One of the common types of tantrums is a temper tantrum, which is often displayed by a toddler when their desires are not fulfilled immediately (6).

Fake crying during a tantrum is similar to fake crying to express displeasure. However, tantrums tend to be more common among toddlers older than 12 months and are accompanied by other signs of emotional outbursts, such as screaming and hitting an object or person (7).

Is Fake Crying Bad?

Fake crying is usually not considered a bad or problematic behavioral attribute. It is common for babies to fake cry to gain attention and seek parents’ company. Older babies and toddlers commonly fake cry to experiment with the reaction they receive. Fake crying due to tantrums can be managed by observing the triggers and types of tantrums, such as tantrums before bedtime. As the baby grows older, they learn to use simple words and sentences to communicate emotions rather than fake crying.

How To Stop Fake Crying In Babies?

There is usually no need to stop fake crying since it stops as the baby grows older. You may try the following ways to manage it until the baby is old enough to communicate through speech.

1. Distract the baby: Distraction works great for babies who fake cry to express displeasure. For instance, if the baby is fake crying because a game or activity has ended, you may immediately distract them with a toy, sound, or by talking to them.

2. Change responses: If you lift the baby and cuddle each time they fake their crying, your response becomes predictable. Change the way you respond to discourage fake crying. Instead of lifting the baby, you may let them stay in the crib while you sit nearby. Provide them with a toy or say “No” as an alternative response. When you display unpredictable responses, a baby is less likely to play with fake crying to test its effects and gain attention for non-essential reasons.

3. Speak to the baby: Babies learn to respond to sounds by making sounds at six months and can understand “No” by nine months. Encourage the baby to use simple sounds and words to communicate their emotions instead of fake crying. One of the best ways to do it is to strike a conversation with the baby the moment you sense they are faking their crying. Ask the baby, “What do you want?” or “May I do something for you?”. You may also give simple names to objects, such as “boo” for a book or “aay” for a toy to stimulate the use of speech. Point at the named objects and talk, and the next time the baby may do the same instead of fake crying.

4. Set simple rules: Fake crying due to tantrums among toddlers could be regulated by setting defined limits and rules. You may set rules for various daily activities, such as a time limit for play. You may also set a daily schedule to help make the routine predictable for the toddler. If the toddler shows adherence to rules and reduced fake crying, appreciate them to reinforce the good behavior (8).

Babies and toddlers often fake their crying to gain attention and to experiment with their communication skills. It is seldom a cause for concern. You could manage fake crying by changing your responses and teaching the little one other ways to communicate their thoughts. As the child grows older, they are more likely to rely on speech to share their feelings and emotions.

References:

The post Baby’s Fake Crying: Causes And 4 Ways To Stop It appeared first on Parenting Boss.

Purple and violet have a special place among the colors. These colors are often associated with royalty, nobility, luxury, and power. Naming babies after these colors has gained popularity nowadays, as parents search for unique and different names for their babies.

Names carry your child’s identity throughout their life, and it is important to choose the right one for your baby boy or girl. If you want to follow the trend of giving your baby a name that means purple or violet, this post is for you.

Browse through our collection of baby names that mean purple or violet and pick the right name for your baby.

Baby Girl Names That Mean Purple Or Violet

There are many exciting names for baby girls that mean purple or violet. Here are a few of them.

1. Amethyst

This is the name of a purple quartz gemstone and is considered a unisex name. It is derived from the Greek word ‘amacthystos,’ which means ‘not intoxicated.’ Amethyst is one of the famous purple names for boys and girls. If you are looking for a unique name for your precious little one, then go with Amethyst.

2. Bora

In the Korean language, Bora means ‘purple.’ This could make a cute name for your little angel, as it not only sounds exotic but is also a one-of-a-kind name. If you are a fan of all things Korean, then go for this name.

3. Calfuray

Calfuray means ‘violet’ in Mapuche. Though it is a rare name, this would be a unique name for baby girls. If you are looking for a name that is out of the ordinary and means violet, then choose this name.

4. Evolet

This is a combination of two words, where ‘Eve’ means ‘living,’ and ‘violet,’ means the color violet. It also has the meaning ‘the promise of life.’ So, either way, this name would suit best for your little princess.

4. Fialova

Fialova is the feminine form of Fiala and originated from Czech lands, and means ‘violet.’ It also means ‘purple,’ or ‘violet’ in Slovakian. This could be a unique name meaning violet for your baby girl.

5. Hyacinth

This name is derived from the name of the beautiful flower that is violet in color. It is derived from a Greek word that means blue larkspur flower or the color purple. The English variant of this name is Hyacintha or Hyacinthia. If your baby girl’s smiles are as beautiful as the Hyacinth flower, then give her this unique name.

6. Indigo

This is another unisex name that means violet. It is the name of a color that is a perfect combination of the colors violet and blue. The name Indigo originated from Greek and means ‘Indian dye.’ Looking for an artsy name for your little one? Then, Indigo should be on your list.

7. Ione

If you feel your baby girl is one in a million, then she deserves a unique name. Here is a catchy name that is given to a violet flower. Ione is of Greek origin and will surely give a special identity to your precious little girl.

8. Iris

This name is taken from a flowering plant that has showy violet flowers. Iris is derived from the Greek word for a rainbow. Give your child this unique name that stands for purple.

9. Lavender

This is an English name that originated after the Lavender flower, which is light purple in color. If you love the color purple or the smell of the Lavender flower, then consider naming your baby girl with this unique yet beautiful name. Just like the flower, if your daughter’s smile reduces your stress and anxiety, then she is your Lavender.

10. Lila

This name means ‘purple’ in German; it also has multiple meanings, such as ‘night’ in Arabic and ‘beauty’ in Hindi. This is a sweet and adorable name for your baby girl, who is the epitome of all the meanings this name carries.

11. Lilac

Lilac is the name of a bluish-purple flower. This name is of Latin origin and makes a magnificent name for a baby girl. If you are looking for a classic name for your baby girl that means ‘purple,’ then go with this one.

12. Lolanthe

Looking for a beautiful name for your baby girl that means violet? Then go for Lolanthe which means ‘little violet flower’ in Greek. This name is elegant and would give your child a unique identity.

13. Magenta

It is an Italian origin name that means ‘purplish-red.’ This color is derived from purple-red and was patented by the French chemist Francois-Emmanuel Verguin. Give this vibrant name to your little girl, who has an equally vibrant personality.

14. Mauve

This French origin name means ‘mallow plant,’ the flowers of this plant are purple in color. So, this name could also mean ‘purple.’ Mauve would be an apt name for your little one who is as special and unique as this name.

15. Phoenix

Though the popular meaning of this name is associated with an immortal mythical bird, its true meaning is ‘reddish-purple.’ This name is derived from the Greek word ‘phoinix,’ which means ‘crimson,’ ‘dark,’ or ‘purple-red.’

16. Roxa

Roxa is a Portuguese Brazilian name that means ‘purple.’ In Brazil, purple is a sign of royalty, wealth, spirituality, and nobility, so it is a popular practice to give children names that mean purple.

17. Salvia

This is the name of a plant that has beautiful violet flowers, so this name can also mean violet. In Latin, Salvia means ‘whole,’ or ‘healthy.’ This name also has a trendy and stylish pronunciation and would be a good name for your little one.

18. Sigal

Sigal may sound like an unusual name, but if you search for a unique name, this could just be it. The name means ‘violet and treasure,’ which fits perfectly for your precious little one. This name of Hebrew origin is sometimes considered a gender-neutral name.

19. Sumire

Originated from Japanese, Sumire means ‘violet.’ It is also derived from the words ‘sumi,’ which means ‘clear,’ and ‘re,’ which means ‘tinkling of jade.’

20. Suren

This native Scandinavian name is an elegant form of lilac that means ‘purple.’ This unisex name can also be used for boys. This would make a good middle name for your little one.

21. Temenuzhka

Temenuzhka is a Bulgarian name for a baby girl, which means ‘violet flower.’ If you are searching for a Bulgarian name for your little one, then go for this one.

22. Tyrian

Tyrian is the name of a type of purple dye used by the ancient Phoenicians. This name is famous by the character Tyrion Lannister from the Game of Thrones series. If you are a die-hard fan of the series, then give your child this name.

23. Violet

Known to be one of the most popular names, Violet means ‘purple,’ in Latin. Viola is the Italian and Scandinavian versions. If you are looking for a name that is popular and means violet, then go for this name.

24. Viorel

This Romanian name means ‘sweet violet,’ which is a type of alpine flower. If the name violet seems common to you, then go with this unique name for your special little girl.

25. Wisteria

Named after the beautiful Wisteria flower, this name is unique and means purple. The flowers of this plant are white and purple, and the whole plant is covered with them. Give your baby girl this name if she is also as beautiful as the Wisteria flower.

26. Yolanda

This given name means violet in Greek. In German and Dutch, this name is spelled as Jolanda, whereas in Czech and Slovak, it is Jolantha, and in Polish, it is spelled as Jolanta. One famous personality with this name is Yolanda Hadid, who is a famous Dutch-American television personality.

Baby Boy Names That Mean Purple Or Violet

There some unique and special baby boy names that mean purple or violet.

27. Burgundy

Do you love the color purple and anything and everything related to it? Then here is a name of a purple shade. It is also the name of a region in France.

28. Dhumra

It is an Indian origin name that means ‘smoke-colored,’ ‘purple,’ or ‘grey.’ It originated from Sanskrit and is a common name among the Indians.

29. Hadlee

Looking for a baby boy name that means purple? Choose Hadlee, which means ‘a field of heather.’ Heather is a purple-flowered Eurasian heath.

30. Heliotrope

This given name for baby boy is the name of a variable color that is moderate to reddish-purple. This is also the name of a plant with purple flowers, and its name is derived from the Greek words ‘helios,’ which means ‘sun,’ and ‘trepein,’ which means ‘to turn.’

31. Kovidar

Another Sanskrit origin name which means ‘purple orchid tree’ is Kovidar. This is a unique name for your baby boy that means purple. It is also a strong and masculine name, which could be apt for your baby boy.

32. Morado

Derived from Spanish and Portuguese, Morado means ‘deep violet.’ This might make a cute name for your baby boy.

33. Murasakino

This is a Japanese origin name which means ‘purple.’ It is a popular name in Japan. It is believed that this name also symbolizes strength, and a baby with this name will stay strong in any situation.

34. Plum

Plum is an attractive deep purple fruit, but this became a baby name when it was first noticed as the name of a novelist Plum Sykes. This is also the nickname of the novelist P.G. Wodehouse.

35. Porfirio

Porfirio is an Italian and Spanish word that is derived from the word ‘porphyra,’ which means ‘purple dye.’ This name was made popular by several early saints.

Purple and violet are also said to be related to imagination and spirituality. This color also assists in expanding our awareness and connecting to higher consciousness. If you aspire your child to reach new heights, then start it by giving a unique name that means purple or violet.

Recommended Articles:

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Wet-nursing is an old, alternative feeding practice where a mother breastfeeds a baby other than her own. Although it is also called cross-nursing, both are different. Wet-nursing is full-time breastfeeding of an infant other than one’s own, usually for money. On the other hand, cross-nursing is done occasionally by a family member or friend while the biological mother also breastfeeds regularly (1).

A healthy, well-nourished mother can usually wet-nurse more than one baby. One may opt to get their baby wet-nursed, or they may wet-nurse someone else’s baby for various reasons. In either case, wet-nursing is an effective technique to ensure every baby gets breast milk. However, it is essential to note certain considerations to make the process work smoothly and safely.

This post shares the possible reasons, potential risks, and alternatives of wet -nursing.

Reasons To Choose Wet-Nursing

According to experts, wet-nursing is a suitable choice if you cannot breastfeed (2). Here are some situations when a mother may be unable to breastfeed and consider wet-nursing another baby or have her baby wet-nursed (3).

• You cannot breastfeed your baby due to some medical condition.

• You have adopted a baby whose biological mother isn’t available for breastfeeding, and you are not lactating.

• You are a same-gender couple intending to breastfeed the baby.

• You cannot breastfeed your baby because they are ill or born prematurely, but you need to maintain your milk supply and wish to breastfeed.

Potential Risks Of Wet-Nursing

Although wet-nursing is a beneficial practice, it does have potential problems that one must know before opting for it.

• Infection transmission from the wet nurse to the baby or vice-versa. It may happen if the wet-nursing mother and the baby have not been thoroughly tested for infectious diseases.

• Inadequate milk supply to one or both babies may happen when a mother is wet-nursing another baby.

• Imbalanced milk composition inappropriate for a baby’s age as the wet nurse is feeding two or more babies of different age groups.

• Issues with the let-down reflex may crop up due to overproduction and oversupply of breast milk, especially if the mother is wet-nursing multiple babies.

How To Hire A Wet Nurse For Your Baby?

You may hire a professional wet nurse from a reputed agency or make a personal arrangement with a lactating mother whom you know. Prefer a mother who has a baby of your infant’s age. Below are some points to consider before making the final decision.

• Look for a wet nurse with a similar lifestyle as the biological mother. For instance, if you don’t drink caffeinated beverages, such as coffee, it is advisable to find a wet nurse of the same preference. It ensures that the baby comfortably adjusts to the wet nurse.

• Ensure the wet nurse follows healthy lifestyle practices, such as no smoking, no alcohol or drink occasionally, and no use of illicit substances. It is suitable to have a mother who eats a healthy, well-balanced diet and exercises regularly.

• Run a check on the wet nurse’s current health status and medical history. It applies even to a wet nurse who you know personally. Screening is preeminent to detect chronic or long-term diseases. It is vital to run tests on diseases transmitted through breast milk, such as HIV infection. Speak to your doctor to know more about such diseases.

• Enquire if she takes any medications or health supplements. These substances could pass into breast milk and affect a baby’s health eventually. Similarly, inform your wet nurse if your baby is on any medications or supplements for any health conditions.

Additionally, one could discuss personal care practices with the wet nurse to ensure optimum hygiene during feeding.

Alternatives For Wet-Nursing

You may consider the following alternatives to wet-nursing if you cannot breastfeed your baby for some reason.

1. Pumped or expressed breast milk:  It is a suitable option for mothers who have a sufficient milk supply, but their babies cannot breastfeed temporarily. Observe the standard hygiene principles to express and store breast milk, which you may feed to your baby through a bottle, spoon, or cup. You may also freeze the breast milk below -18°C (0°F) for up to 12 months, although it is best to use it within six months (4).

2. Infant formula: It is a useful option when breastfeeding the baby isn’t possible entirely or partially. You may select an age-appropriate, iron-rich formula for your baby after consulting your pediatrician. You may also breastfeed intermittently while the baby is on formula.

3. Banked milk: For mothers who don’t have enough milk supply and don’t want to formula-feed, human milk banks could be an alternative. Human milk banks store breast milk expressed by donor mothers (5). One can collect breast milk from a milk bank using a prescription given by the doctor. Speak to your doctor to know more about the best and reliable milk banks in your region.

Wet-nursing is an age-old practice which several people still prefer to follow. One can choose this alternative feeding practice when breastfeeding the baby isn’t possible due to one or more reasons. You may hire a professional wet nurse for your baby or wet-nurse someone else’s baby. In both cases, ensure to follow appropriate measures for safe wet-nursing.

References:

The post What Is Wet Nursing? Potential Risks And Safe Alternatives appeared first on Parenting Boss.

Urine is usually clear or pale yellow with a mild smell. There could be moments when your baby’s urine may have a strong odor. Passing strong-smelling urine occasionally may not be a problem if your baby is well-hydrated and the urine has a pale color. However, persistent foul-smelling urine may require pediatric evaluation.

Read this post to know about the causes, associated signs and symptoms, treatment, and prevention of smelly urine in babies.

Risk Factors And Causes Of Smelly Urine

The smell of a baby’s urine may change due to various factors ranging from diet to illnesses. Babies may have smelly urine due to the following reasons (1).

• Not getting enough milk and dehydration may cause dark and strong-smelling urine due to increased concentration of urine.

• Urinary tract infections may cause foul-smelling urine in babies. You may also look for other UTI symptoms, such as fever, since all babies with foul-smelling urine may not have UTI.

• Maternal diet may influence the smell of urine in breastfed babies. Although scientific evidence is lacking, certain foods, such as onion, asparagus, and garlic, in a mother’s diet may cause an unusual smell in the baby’s urine.

• Maternal medications, such as antibiotics, may also cause a strong urine odor in breastfed babies.

• Diabetes (increased blood glucose) or maple syrup urine disease may cause a sweet urine odor.

• Liver failure may also cause smelly urine in babies. This is usually associated with jaundice (yellow skin).

Sometimes urine may smell different as babies grow older. Not changing nappies for a long time may also cause smelly urine. Some babies could have foul-smelling urine without any other issues. You may consult a pediatrician if you are concerned.

Symptoms And Signs That May Occur With Smelly Urine

You may notice the following signs and symptoms of possible underlying conditions in babies with persistent smelly urine (2).

• Foamy or cloudy urine
• Dark urine such as bloody, tea-colored, or pink-tinged
• Dribbling of urine
• Oliguria or no urine
• Fever
• Edema
• Symptoms of dehydration, such as sunken eyes and dry mouth
• Weakness
• Irritability
• Crying
• Lethargy

These signs may arise due to conditions that are also the reason behind smelly urine. Seek pediatric care if your baby has any of the above-listed symptoms with a strong urine smell.

Treatment For Smelly Urine

Occasional cases of smelly urine may not require any treatment. Babies with persistent strong- or foul-smelling urine should be evaluated and treated. The treatment options may vary depending on the underlying cause.

• Rehydration therapy with intravenous (IV) or oral fluids for dehydration

• Frequent bottle or breastfeeding suggested for maintaining hydration

• Antibiotics for persistent and recurrent urinary tract infections

• Removal of bladder stones

• Control of diabetes and other metabolic disorders

• Maternal diet modifications

• Changing maternal or infant’s medications that may cause abnormal color and smell of urine

Prevention Of Smelly Urine In Babies

Meeting the baby’s fluid requirements through feeding and fluids can dilute urine and reduce the intensity of its smell. Babies will have at least five wet diapers per day with pale or straw yellow urine if they are hydrated well. Diapers should be changed on time to prevent them from stinking. Treating and controlling underlying conditions also help to prevent foul urine odor.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Why does a baby’s urine smell like ammonia?

Urine is composed of waste products, such as urea, dissolved in water. Urea may disintegrate into ammonia in some conditions. When it is diluted, you may not feel the smell. However, concentrated urine may have a strong odor of ammonia. The following conditions may cause ammonia odor in the urine.

• Bladder stones
• Dehydration
• Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

An occasional ammonia smell in a baby’s urine is normal. However, if it persists, pediatricians may order tests to look for kidney or bladder issues.

2. Is smelly urine a sign of teething?

There is no direct link between teething and urine odor. You may look for signs and symptoms of other conditions that may cause strong-smelling urine in babies.

3. Why does a baby’s urine smell like poop?

If your baby’s urine smells like poop, first check for soiled diapers. Feces-smelling urine without signs of bowel movement can be due to a urinary fistula, an abnormal opening connecting the bladder to the intestines. It may cause leakage of feces into the urine, resulting in the poop smell of urine (3). Consult a doctor since it may increase the risk of urinary tract infections and require surgical correction.

Urine smell may vary based on its concentration and underlying conditions. This can be temporary in most cases and does not indicate any severe illnesses. You may also look for other signs and symptoms to determine the possible cause of strong urine odor. If you are unsure or concerned about the urine’s smell, speak to a pediatrician.

References:

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